Saturday, November 22, 2014

Understanding Insurance and Risk

Understanding Insurance and Risk

Insurance is one form of risk control is done by way of transfer / transfer of risk from one party to the other party in this case is an insurance company.

What is the sense of Insurance?
According to article 246 Commercial code "Insurance is an agreement by which one is binding to an insured, to receive a premium, for reimbursement to him for damage to or loss of expected benefits that might be experienced as an event that is not necessarily" .
Understanding the other insurance is a transfer of risk from the first party to the other party. In the transfer is controlled by the rules of law and the enactment of the principles and teachings universally adopted by the first party and the other party.
The economics of insurance means a fundraiser that can be used to cover or provide compensation to those who suffered losses.

What are the benefits of insurance?
Besides, as a form of risk control (financially), insurers also have a variety of benefits which are classified into: the main function, secondary functions and additional functions.
The primary function of insurance is risk transfer, fundraising and balanced premium. Insurance secondary function is to stimulate business growth, prevent loss, damage control, and social benefits as savings. While insurance is an additional function as investment funds and invisible earnings.

What is the sense of risk?
According to article 246 Commercial code "Insurance is an agreement by which one is binding to an insured, to receive a premium, for reimbursement to him for damage to or loss of expected benefits that might be experienced as an event that is not necessarily" .
Understanding the other insurance is a transfer of risk from the first party to the other party. In the transfer is controlled by the rules of law and the enactment of the principles and teachings universally adopted by the first party and the other party.
The economics of insurance means a fundraiser that can be used to cover or provide compensation to those who suffered losses.

What are the Risks?
Definition of 'risk' insurance is "uncertainty about the occurrence of an event that can cause economic loss".

Any forms that risk?
Forms of risk include pure risk, speculative risk, particular risks and risk fundamentals.
Pure risk is the risk that as a result there are only two kinds: a loss or break even, for example, theft, accident or fire.
Speculative risk is the risk that as a result there are three kinds: loss, profit or break even, for example gambling. Particular risk is the risk that comes from individuals and local impacts, for example, a plane crash, car crash and the ship ran aground.
While the fundamental risk is the risk that is not derived from the individual and the impact area, for example, hurricanes, earthquakes and floods.

Are all risks can be insured?
Not all risks can be insured. The risks can be insured are: risk can be measured by money, homogeneous risk (the risk of the same and pretty much guaranteed by insurance), pure risk (the risk is not profitable), particular risk (the risk of individual sources), the risk that occur suddenly (accidental), insurable interest (the insured has an interest in the object insured) and risks that are not contrary to law.

Pengetian Profitabilitas Keuangan

Profitability is a performance indicator that is carried out by management in managing the company's assets indicated by profit

generated. Profitability ratios associated with sales and investment companies because these two variables show the effectiveness of the company's overall operations.

In general, investors are very concerned about profitability ratios, for example, to see the benefits to be received in the form of dividends. In addition, analysis of the profitability of an evaluation of the rate of return on the investment company which focuses on the analysis of the company's resources and the level of profitability, involving measurement of profitability which triggers margin and turnover.

Some measurements in calculating the profitability ratios:

1) net profit on sales (net profit margin / NPM)

This ratio measures the company's ability to generate profits through sales. How to calculate the NPM is to compare the net profit by net sales.
Net profit margin net bersihPenjualan Profit =
According to Kashmir (2008: 201) states that the company is said to be good if NPM owned by the company above the industry average that is generally above 20%.

2) return on total assets (return on total assets / ROA)

Return on total assets is calculated by dividing net income before interest and taxes to total average assets. This ratio assesses the effectiveness and intensity of assets in generating profits.
Totalrata assets ROA-ratapajakdan sebelumbersih interest Profit =
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According to Kashmir (2008: 203), the industry average for ROA is 30%. The company said to be good if it is able to achieve ROA above the industry average.

3) return on total equity (return on total equity / ROE)

Return on total equity is calculated by dividing net income by average shareholders' equity. This ratio is used to demonstrate the ability of their own capital in generating profits available for shareholders.
Totalrata-ratabersih equity ROE Profit =
According to the company Kashmir said to be good if the ROE is owned by the company above the industry average that is generally above 40% (Cashmere, 2008: 205)
In this study, researchers used the ratio of net profit after tax to net sales (net profit margin / NPM) because this ratio indicates that earnings related to the sale. NPM can be interpreted as the level of efficiency of the company, namely the extent to which the ability of the company to reduce costs in the company. The higher the NPM, the more effective a company to run its operations. Almilia (2007: 5), stating that "high net profit margin indicates a company's ability to generate profits are high on certain sales levels, or high costs on certain sales levels".
Companies that generate profits (profitable) high also will produce a broader disclosure on its financial statements. It is
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due to the company's management wants to ensure that the company in a strong competitive position and shows a good performance management. In addition, management also wants to convince the investors and creditors that the company's operations are run efficiently.

Karakteristik perusahaan

Characteristics of the company can explain the wide variation of disclosures in the financial statements, the characteristics of the company is a predictor of the quality of disclosure. Each company has different characteristics of the entity with other entities.

Lang and Lundholm (1994) in Subiyantoro (1996: 3) says in the context of the characteristics of the company's financial statements divide into three categories namely variable structure (structure related variables) include the size of the company and the ability to repay the debts.

The second is the performance variable (performance related variables) includes the company's liquidity and profit. The latter is a variable market (market related variables) seen from the stock portion, the age of the company, and the status of the company and the type of industry.

Vendor characteristics are matters relating to the internal condition of the company, which includes conditions of management, organization, human resources and finance companies are reflected in the performance of the company ".

Thus it can be understood that the characteristics of the company is everything related to the company's internal conditions that can affect the condition of the company. Characteristics of the company include:

a. the ability of management to manage operations
b. the company's ability to generate profits
c. benefits to the national economy

As a means of accountability, disclosure of financial statements should have the quality. The high quality of financial reporting is closely related to the completeness of the disclosure of the financial statements. While the completeness of the disclosure of financial statements is influenced by the characteristics of a company. In this study, the characteristics of the company is reflected in the size of the company, profitability, liquidity, leverage and public shares.
a. Company Size

The size of the company is a company in relation to the characteristics of the corporate structure. The size of the company described the size of the company indicated by total assets, sales and market capitalization. The greater the total assets, sales and market capitalization, the greater the size of a company. The greater the assets, the greater the capital invested, the more sales, the more the greater the velocity of money and market capitalization. Of the three variables, the researchers used a variable measuring the size of the total assets in the asset value of the company because of the relatively more stable compared to the sales and market capitalization.
The size of the company can be classified into three types: small, medium and large enterprises. Based on the Regulation of the Minister of Trade of the Republic of Indonesia No. 46 / M-DAG / PER / 9/2009
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on amendments to the regulations of the Republic of Indonesia No. trade minister 36 / M-DAG / PER / 9/2007 concerning the issuance of trade license, article 3 of the grouping size companies on:
1) a small company, a company that has assets of more than Rp. 50.000.000, - (fifty million dollars) up to a maximum of Rp. 500.000.000, - (five hundred million rupiah) not including land and buildings.
2) medium-sized companies are companies with assets of more than Rp. 500.000.000, - (five hundred million rupiah) up to a maximum of Rp. 10,000,000,000, - (ten billion dollars), excluding land and buildings.
3) a large company, a company that has assets of more than Rp. 10,000,000,000, - (ten billion dollars), excluding land and buildings.

Pengertian Fair Dalam Keuangan

Fair that ethical rules on equal treatment to users of the report contains ethical goals by providing adequate information to investors, and full namely concerning the completeness of the presentation of information. The concept of full disclosure requires that the financial statements or annual reports to be presented as a collection of portraits of economic events affecting the company for a period and contains enough information


thus making the common good or investors understand and not misinterpretation of the report
disclosure of financial statements can be grouped into two parts, namely mandatory disclosure (Mandatory Disclosure) and voluntary disclosure.

Disclosure shall be the minimum disclosures required by the applicable accounting standards. Voluntary disclosure is a disclosure made by the management company exceeds the mandatory disclosure required by the applicable accounting standards. Every public company is required to do the disclosure of information relating to the company's internal conditions such as management conditions, the performance of the company and so on. mention any public company required disclosure of financial statements of 68 items.

But there are also companies that do not disclose the broader financial statements because it considers the full disclosure will only be misleading and result in market failure. Disclosure would help a competitor to the detriment of shareholders. In addition, extensive disclosure would cause more costs than benefits

accepted by the company. Therefore, only a portion of a company that makes a voluntary disclosure.

Tujuan Laporan Keuangan

General purpose financial statements in accordance with SFAS No. 1 paragraph 12 states that "the objective of financial statements is to provide information concerning the financial position, performance and changes in financial position of an enterprise that is useful for a large number of users in making economic decisions". The financial statements also show what has been done by the management (stewardship), or the accountability of management

for the resources entrusted to it. Users who want to assess what has been done by the management in order that they may make economic decisions. This decision includes for example the decision to hold or sell their investment in the company, the decision to replace the management and lending decisions.
According to APB Statement No. 4 cited by Harahap (2007: 122) describes the purpose of the financial statements by dividing it into two, namely:

a. specific objectives

Presenting the statement of financial position, results of operations and changes in financial position fairly in accordance generally acceptable accounting principles.

b. general purpose

Provide information about the economic resources, property, liabilities, net worth, income projections, changes in assets and liabilities as well as other relevant information.
The objective of financial statements is based on the above it can be concluded is to provide reliable financial information about the assets and liabilities as well as the capital of a company that can be used by both internal and external companies.

3. Disclosures in the Financial Statements
Level of disclosure by Harahap (2007: 85), consisting of adequate, fair and full. Adequate is the minimum information that must be presented in accordance with applicable regulations. Adequate disclosure does not mean that the amount of use of words or sentences at length, but the disclosure of the issues considered important by


auditors so that the financial statements are not misleading readers and not detrimental to the company or shareholders. Due to the fairness of presentation, financial statements depend on adequate disclosures about the things that sufficient material. Things are quite material and should be disclosed is closely related to:

a. The form, structure and content of the financial statements and explanations attached
b. The terms are used.
c. The number of details for and classification of items in the report.
d. Basis of assessment or determination of the amounts listed
e. In the financial statement, for example, inventory valuation basis, the basis for determining the depreciation of fixed assets.
f. Assets used as collateral for loans.
g. Dividends in arrears, restrictions on the distribution of dividends and debts are conditional.
h. The existence of interests affiliated or master and the nature and volume of transactions with these interests.

Pengertian Laporan keuangan

The financial report is a report that contains information that enables users of financial statements to determine the condition of the company at a particular time or period timely reporting in decision making, information obtained depends on the level of disclosure of financial statements in question.

Statement of Financial Accounting Standards :
The financial statements should present fairly the financial position, financial performance, changes in equity and cash flows by applying SFAS correctly with GAAP required disclosures in the Notes to Financial Statements. Other information remains disclosed to produce a reasonable presentation although such disclosure is not required by SFAS
In practice known some kind of financial statements such as:

a. The income statement (income statement) is a financial report that describes the results of operations of the company in a given period. In the income statement is illustrated by the amount of income and sources of income earned.

b. Statement of changes in capital is a report containing the number and types of capital owned at this time. The report also describes changes in capital and the causes of changes in capital in the company.

c. The balance sheet is a report that shows the financial position of the company on a certain date.

d. Cash flow statement is a report that shows all the aspects related to the activities of the company, either directly or which does not affect directly on cash.

e. Notes to the financial statements are statements that provide information when there are financial statements that require a specific explanation. Notes to the financial statements disclose: 1) Information about the basis of preparation of financial statements and the accounting policies selected

2) The information required under SFAS but not presented in the balance sheet, income statement, cash flow statement and statement of changes in equity

3) Additional information that is not presented in the financial statements but is necessary in order to fair presentation disclosure of contingent eg, commitments and other disclosures.

Tuesday, November 18, 2014

Daruj hračku a splň přání

Vánoce jsou za dveřmi a spousta z nás určitě přemýšlí nad tím, čím by rádi obdarovali své blízké. V dnešní době také existuje spousta nadací, společenství nebo fondů, do kterých se můžete zapojit a udělat radost i někomu úplně cizímu. Někomu, kdo neměl možnost vyrůstat v normálním prostředí nebo mu nebylo přáno.

Dnes bych chtěla psát o inspirativním článku mého kamaráda a taky dvou zajímavých projektech. Národní potravinové sbírceDarujte hračku.


Článek si můžete přečíst tady.


Národní potravinová sbírka se bude konat tuto sobotu 22. listopadu po celé České Republice. Ve vybraných supermarketech a DM drogeriích budou dobrovolníci vybírat trvanlivé potraviny, které můžete darovat lidem procházejícím hmotnou nouzí. 
Potraviny poputují zejména pěstounským rodinám, seniorům, dětem z dětských domovů nebo k matkám samoživitelkám a budou darovány v okolí krajské potravinové banky. Neurazí tak dlouhou cestu a vy budete moci pomoct lidem přímo ve vašem okolí.
A jaké potraviny darovat? Seznam nejvhodnějších najdete tady.

Projekt Darujte hračku se věnuje výhradně dětem z dětských domovů nebo jiných sociálních zařízení. Děti napíší na papír své přání a jsou zařazeny do internetové databáze. V té si můžete vybrat konkrétní dítě, kterému byste chtěli pomoct a nadělit mu jeho vysněný dárek. 

Myslím, že tohle jsou přesně ty myšlenky a projekty, které stojí za šíření. Provádět dobré skutky je pro mě velmi důležité.
Třeba vás tyto projekty také tak zaujmou a kdybyste měli nějaké další tipy, určitě si je nenechávejte jen pro sebe. :)

Wednesday, November 12, 2014

Naše ovesná 7

Počet #mojeovesna překročil na Instagramu hranici 10 tisíc fotek! Občas tam sice zabloudí i pár jiných, ale inspirace, kterou tag neustále plníte, je úžasná. Z léta jsme se postupně přesunuli do podzimu a to je také znát na vašich kaších. Začíná se objevovat nejen více jablíček, ořechů a koření, ale také kaší celkově. Vždyť není nic lepšího, než ještě horká ovesná v chladném ránu. :)  










Monday, November 10, 2014

TEDx Ostrava 2014

V sobotu se v aule Gong v areálu Dolních Vítkovic konal první ročník ostravského TEDx s titulkem ,,Skrytý potenciál''. Jestli jste o něm ještě neslyšeli: ,,TED je název každoroční jednodenní konference s heslem „myšlenky, které stojí za šíření“.  Konference se vždy skládá z několika přednášek, ve kterých mluví speakři z různých oblastí vědy, techniky, kultury, byznysu nebo vzdělání a dalších. Cílem TED je umožnit člověku najít nové směry, možnosti nebo cesty v myšlení či práci nebo také pobavit a poznat ostatní účastníky s podobnými zájmy.


Po snídani a vyzvednutí kartičky s programem začal první blok přednášek. Konferenci otevíral designér Petr Bakoš, který mluvil o projektu Stratocaching. Po něm následovali další přednášející jako byla například ostravská umělkyně Petra Gherbetz, Anna Audenis- velmi nadaná devítiletá klavíristka, která svým hraním dojala a zvedla ze židlí celý sál nebo  Laura Straková- Američanka žijící už 13 let v Čechách, zakladatelka vzdělávací organizace 2ETheatreLab.

Na začátku konference všichni dostali látkovou tašku, na které si v průběhu první přestávky mohli vyzkoušet sítotisk právě s Petrou Gherbetz, která pro ostravský TEDx vymyslela ojedinělý návrh.







V průběhu celého dne byly v Gongu k dispozici tabule s nápisy ,,Before I die, I want to: '' Na konci večera se tam daly najít opravdu pozoruhodné věci. Doporučuji zhlédnout zajímavý TEDtalk od Candy Chang. 



Druhého bloku přednášek se účastnil například Karel Loprais, Antonín Klaret Dabrowski nebo Martin Palkovič- vědec zabývající se superpočítači a Petr Koudela- šéf areálu Dolních Vítkovic, který povídal o změnách a plánech této industriální oblasti. 


Po třetí pauze začínal poslední blok přednášek. Poznali jsme například Jiřího Surůvku- docenta, svérazného malíře a performera, který svými scénkami a povídáním pobavil celý sál nebo Petera Živého, z jehož přednášky o intuitivní pedagogice a myšlení proudila neskutečně pozitivní energie.
Prvního ostravského TEDx se účastnila i Lucia Lukanová- v současnosti projektová manažerka žijící v Berlíně, která se věnuje výzkumu hormonů a jejich působení zejména na ženské tělo. Je tvůrkyni aplikace The Flow, která pomáhá sledovat ženám jejich menstruační cyklus a porozumění jeho vlivu na tělo.
Taky bych určitě nechtěla zapomenout na vystoupení Patrika Kee. Jeho vokální improvizace v Gongu byla úžasným zakončením celého dne.


To bylo jen pár střípků z celého dne. Konference jako taková ve mě zanechala velmi pozitivní dojem. Přednášky mnohých účastníků mě velmi inspirovaly.
 Pokud vás TED zaujal, určitě se podívejte na jeho stránky a pusťte si pár přednášek.

Friday, November 7, 2014

Kuře na paprice

Kuře na paprice je jedním z našich nejoblíbenějších jídel už od dětství. Vařila ha nám ho vždycky naše babička, ale v poslední době se na něj nějak zapomnělo. Jednoho dne jsme nevěděli, co připravíme na oběd. Vzpomněli jsme si na kuře a chutnalo přesně tak, jak ho známe od babičky. :)




Kuře na paprice
3-4 porce
2 větší kuřecí prsa
2 žluté cibule
3 lžíce másla
3 lžičky sladké papriky
200 ml smetany
2 lžíce mouky
sůl
voda
těstoviny

Cibuli oloupejte a nakrájejte nadrobno. Maso pokrájejte na větší kousky a rovnou ho osolte.
V pánvi rozpusťte máslo a opečte na něm cibuli dokud nezesklovatí. Poté ji zasypte paprikou. Zamíchejte, lehce ji orestujte a přidejte osolené maso.
Opékejte asi 2 minuty a poté přilijte tolik vody, aby bylo maso skoro celé ponořené. Zakryjte pokličkou a duste do měkka na menším plameni asi 20-30 minut.
Až bude maso měkké, přilijte 150 ml smetany. Zbylou smetanu smíchejte s trochou vody a dvěma lžícemi mouky tak, aby v ní nebyly žádné hrudky. Směs vlijte do omáčky a nechte ji nakonec asi 5 minut provařit.

Podávejte například s těstovinami.